Anthrax

Anthrax

Anhrax, a highly infectious and fatal disease of cattle, is caused by a relatively large spore-forming rectangular shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax causes acute mortality in ruminants. The bacteria produce extremely potent toxins which are responsible for the ill effects, causing a high mortality rate. Signs of the illness usually appear 3 to 7 days after the spores are swallowed or inhaled. Once signs begin in animals, they usually die within two days.

Hoofed animals, such as deer, cattle, goats, and sheep, are the main animals affected by this disease. They usually get the disease by swallowing anthrax spores while grazing on pasture contaminated (made impure) with anthrax spores. Inhaling (breathing in) the spores, which are odorless, colorless, and tasteless, may also cause infection in animals and people.

Symptoms:

·         Sudden death (often within 2 or 3 hours of being apparently normal) is by far the most common sign;

·         Very occasionally some animals may show trembling, a high temperature

·         Difficulty breathing, collapse and convulsions before death. This usually occurs over a period of 24 hours;

·         After death blood, may not clot, resulting in a small amount of bloody discharge from the nose, mouth and other openings

Treatment and control

·         Due to the acute nature of the disease resulting in sudden death, treatment is usually not possible in animals even though Anthrax bacilli are clines. Treatment is of use in cases showing sub-acute form of the disease.

·         In most cases, early treatment can cure anthrax. The cutaneous (skin) form of anthrax can be treated with common antibiotics.

Preventive measures:

·         Regular annual vaccination of animals in endemic areas will prevent the disease from occurring.

·         Vaccination may be carried out at least a month prior to expected disease occurrence in endemic areas.

·         Never open a carcass of an animal suspected to have died from anthrax.

Contact a veterinarian immediately if the following symptoms are seen and seek advice on control measures to be adopted.

·         Fever (106-108°F), loss of appetite, depression and dullness

·         Suspended rumination3. Rapid pulse and heart rates

·         Difficult breathing (dyspnoea)

·         Lameness in affected leg

·         Crepitation swelling over hip, back & shoulder

·         Swelling is hot & painful in early stages whereas cold and painless inter.

·         Recumbency (prostration) followed by death within 12-48 hrs.

Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IB)

 Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IB)
is a contagious disease of birds due to a Coronavirus and causing important economic loss in chicken operations.
■ Distribution:::
IB is distributed worldwide.
■ Susceptible species:::
Chicken
Distribution
IB is distributed worldwide
■ Clinical signs :::
The incubation period is short (1-2 days) and signs usually include:
●● In young animals:
● Gasping, coughing and nasal discharge,
● Wet eyes
● Swollen sinuses,
● Reduction of food consumption and weight gain.
●● In adult:
● Gasping and coughing,
● Drop in production
● Production of misshapen soft-shelled eggs with inferior internal quality is often seen and can be permanent.
The mortality may be as high as 25% in young chicks, nephrogenic strains may cause 60% mortality. Adults usually recover after a few weeks.
■ Diagnosis:::
Lab Diagnosis
● Identification of virus can be done by
● immunofluorescence
● electron microscopy,
● polymerase chain reaction techniques,
● haemagglutination inhibition tests
● enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).
Serological tests are available and include ●virus neutralisation,
● agar gel immunodiffusion,
● haemagglutination inhibition
● ELISA.
■ Post-mortem findings:::
● Accumulation of mucus in the trachea,
Obstruction of nasal passages and sinuses and the air sacs
● Tracheal mucous plugs in dead broilers.
● Reduction of length and weight of reproductive tract
● Nephrogenic strains cause pale and swell kidneys, with large amounts of uric acid crystals.
■ Transmission:::
It can be transmitted by
● aerosols,
●contaminated feed and water,
● contact with animals or material.
Morbidity often reaches 100%.
■ Treatment:::
No specific treatment but supportive treatment is done to prevent secondary infections
■ Control / vaccines :::
● Killed and attenuated lived vaccines are commercially available, it seems that live vaccines protect against a wider range of strains, although they can cause a mild respiratory infection.
● Once introduced IB is difficult to eradicate and require strict isolation of infected premises and slaughtering of flocks.

 Bluetongue (BTV) Disease
Bluetongue is an insect-borne, viral disease affecting sheep, cattle, deer, goats and camelids (camels, llamas, alpacas, guanaco and vicuña).The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family Reoviridae.
Transmissions 
Insect borne disease, biting midges are responsible
Clinical Findings
● Fever
● Haemorrhages of oral and nasal tissues
● Excessive Salivation
● Nasal discharge
● In acute cases Lips and tongue swollen
● Lameness due to cuticle swelling above hoof
● Anorexia
● Emaciation
● Cynosis of tongue
Diagnosis
● On basis of clinical signs
● Laboratory tests include PCR, ELISA, AGID, CFT, VN
Treatment
● No specific treatment
● Antibiotics theraphy to control secondary infections
Prevention/ Control
● Quarantine
● Vaccination
● Isolation of sick animalshttps://loveprem1.blogspot.com/
● Controlling vector ie midges

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Rinderpest

Rinderpest
Rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious disease of cattle caused by a Morbillivirus. In its acute form it is characterised by inflammation and necrosis of mucous membranes and a very high mortality rate.
Susceptible species
Cattle and buffaloes are highly susceptible.There are some reports of sheep and goats in close contact with infected cattle becoming infected. However, clinical rinderpest in sheep and goats is considered rare.
Transmission
Infection is transmitted through secretions and excretions of infected animals through Direct and close indirect contact
Clinical findings:::
● Sudden onset of fever
● Depression and loss of appetite
● Watery discharges from the eyes and nose
● Loss of milk production
● Necrotic lesions on mucous membranes of the mouth nostrils and urogenital tract
● Respiratory difficulties
● Diarrhoea, faeces are profuse, dark, fetid and may contain mucus, blood and necrotic mucosa
● Dehydration, collapse and death
● Mortality rate 30-100%
 Diagnosis:::
● On the basis of signs and symptoms
● Laboratory tests include Elisa and virus neutralisation test.
Prevention/Control
● Vaccination
● Isolation of infected animals
● Control on movement
It is an eradicated disease FAO of UN declare the world free from rinderpest in 2011

Peste des petits Ruminants

 Peste des petits Ruminants
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as‘goat plague’, is a viral disease of
goats and sheep characterized by fever, sores in the mouth, diarrhea, pneumonia, and
sometimes death.
 Etiology:::
It is caused by a morbillivirus in the family of paramyxoviruses, that is related to rinderpest, measles and canine distemper.
Epidemiology:::
The disease occurs in a band that spreads across Africa between the equator and the Sahara, through the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, south-west Asia and India .China first reported the disease in 2007 and it spread into North Africa for
the fi rst time in Morocco in 2008.
Transmission:::
● Virus is secreted in nasal discharge, tears, discharges in coughing and feaces.
● Transmitted through direct and close indirect contact .
Clinical findings:::
● Sudden onset of fever
● Depression
● Loss of appetite
● Nasal discharges
● Ulcers on gums, dental pad, hard palate, cheeks and tongue
● Severe diarrhoea
● Dehydration
● Weightloss
● Abortion in pregnant
Diagnosis:::
● On basis of Clinical findings
● Laboratory Diagnosis
 Treatment:::
No antiviral drugs
Supportive treatment includes broad spectrum antibiotics, fluids theraphy, and boro glycerine is used
Prevention/Control:::
● Vaccination
● Quarantine
● Movement control
● Isolation of sick animal
● Cleaning and disinfection of infected areas
Reference oie animal diseases

Colibacillosis

Colibacillosis
Disease of neonates cause by pathogenic strain of E Coli. 3 type of strain involved
● Enterotoxigenic strain
● Septicemic strain
● Enterohaemorrhagic strain
 Epidemiology
Young ones of all animals, poultry, and human are affected. Most susceptible age is 1st 4 days of life. Usually disease occur within 24 hours
 Transmission
● Fecal- Oral route
● Mucous membrane of nasal passages, oro-pharynx
● Umbilical route
Morbidity 75%
Mortality 50%
Clinical findings
■ In case of enteric form
● Diarrhea pale yellow/white watery
● Dehydration
● Anorexia
● Feaces pass effort less no ( straining)
■ In case of septicemic form
● Fever
● Hypothermia
● Recumbency
● Decrease Blood pressure
● Dry and cool mucous membranes
● Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
 Diagnosis
On basis of clinical Signs and symptoms
Laboratory tests include
● feaces culture
● PCR
Treatment
Several antibiotics combinations are used
● Amoxicillin 7-10 mg/kg
● Ampicillin 10 mg/kg
● Enrofloxacin 5mg/kg
● Oxytetracycline pvp 11mg/kg and LA 20mg/kg
Supportive treatment
● Ringer lactate
● NSAIDs
● Multivitamins
● Intestinal protectants eg kaolin powder
 Prevention/Control 
● Provide proper amounts of colostrum at proper time to young ones
● Vaccination
● Hygienic conditions
● Stress should be minimized

Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis
#Etiology
Caused by different pathogenic sereotypes/Serovars of Salmonella enterica typhimurium.
■ Cattle: S. typhimurium, S. dublin , S. newport
■ Sheep and Goat :S. typhimurium,S. anatum, S.newport
■ Horses:S. typhimurium, S. newpost, S. agona, S. newport
 Epidemiology 
All humans , birds and animals are affected.
Occurs worldwide in any season
#Transmission
● Fecal-Oral route
● Air transmission
● Food borne (secreted in milk)
Morbidity 50%
Mortality 0-14% in cattle and 60% in horses
# Clinical findings
May cause septicaemia, acute enteritis, chronic enteritis
#Acute enteritis
☆ Dehydration ☆ anorexia
☆ Dysentery ☆ abdominal pain
☆ dehydration
#Chronic enteritis
☆ Inappetence, ☆ unthriftiness,
☆ decrease weight gain
#Septicaemia
☆ Fever followed by hypothermia
☆ Weakness, ☆ Recumbency,
☆ decrease BP, ☆ shock signs,
☆ Nervous Signs,
#Diagnosis
● On basis of clinical findings
● Laboratory examination include
☆ fecal culture, ☆ milk culture,
☆ blood culture, ☆ ELISA and ☆ PCR
#Treatment
● Antimicrobials like
☆ potentiated Sulphonamide
☆ Ampicillin ☆ Amoxicillin
☆ Enrofloxacin
● Fluid theraphy
● NSAIDs
#Prevention/Control
● vaccination partially effective
● Hygienic conditions in farm/Shed
● House should be exposed to direct sunlight
● Dry conditions in farm/Shed
● Isolation of sick animals
● Avoid stess